|
Pope Callixtus I (died circa 223), also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 223.〔Chapman, John (1908). "Pope Callistus I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.〕 He lived during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue gave him five years of episcopate (217-222). He was martyred for his Christian faith and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. ==Life== His contemporaries and enemies, Tertullian and Hippolytus of Rome the author of ''Philosophumena'', relate that Callixtus, as a young slave from Rome, was put in charge of collected funds by his master Carpophorus, funds which were given as alms by other Christians for the care of widows and orphans; Callixtus lost the funds and fled from the city, but was caught near Portus. According to the tale, Callixtus jumped overboard to avoid capture but was rescued and taken back to his master. He was released at the request of the creditors, who hoped he might be able to recover some of the money, but was rearrested for fighting in a synagogue when he tried to borrow money or collect debts from some Jews.〔 ''Philosophumena'' claims that, denounced as a Christian, Callixtus was sentenced to work in the mines of Sardinia.〔 He was released with other Christians at the request of Hyacinthus, a eunuch presbyter, who represented Marcia, the favourite mistress of Emperor Commodus.〔 At this time his health was so weakened that his fellow Christians sent him to Antium to recuperate and he was given a pension by Pope Victor I.〔 In 199, Callixtus was ordained a deacon by Pope Zephyrinus and appointed superintendent of the Christian cemetery on the Appian Way. That place, which is to this day called the ''Catacombs of St. Callixtus'', became the burial-ground of many popes and was the first land property owned by the Church.〔 Emperor Julian the Apostate, writing to a pagan priest, said:〔 In the third century, nine Bishops of Rome were interred in the Catacomb of Callixtus, in the part now called the ''Capella dei Papi''. These catacombs were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi in 1849. In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the church converts from sects or schisms who had not done penance.〔Philosophoumena IX.7〕He fought with success the heretics, and established the practice of absolution of all sins, including adultery and murder.〔 Hippolytus found Callixtus's policy of extending forgiveness of sins to cover sexual transgressions shockingly lax and denounced him for allowing believers to regularize liaisons with their own slaves by recognizing them as valid marriages.〔 〕〔 〕 As a consequence also of doctrinal differences, Hippolytus was elected as a rival bishop of Rome, the first antipope.〔 〕 The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere was a ''titulus'' of which Callixtus was the patron. In an apocryphal anecdote in the collection of imperial biographies called the ''Augustan History'', the spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by tavern keepers, but Alexander Severus decided that the worship of any god was better than a tavern, hence the structure's name. The 4th-century basilica of ''Ss Callixti et Iuliani'' was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The 8th-century ''Chiesa di San Callisto'' is close by, with its beginnings apparently as a shrine on the site of his martyrdom, which is attested in the 4th-century ''Depositio martyrum'' and so is likely to be historical. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Callixtus I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|